Everybody Hates Chris - 1164 Words

Since television came into existence, it has evolved into a useful tool to spread ideas, both social and political, and has had a great effect on the generations growing up with these heavily influential shows. To these younger generations, television has taken the role of a teacher, with the task of creating a social construction by which many of us base our personal beliefs and judgments on. This power allows television shows take the opportunity to address problems in a manner that many audiences can take to heart. Many television shows present controversial topics in a comical matter, in some ways to soften the blow of hard-hitting reality at the same time bringing attention to the issue being addressed. In the television show,†¦show more content†¦Buying stolen goods is a great deal, and a good way to stretch a dollar in Chriss neighborhood and it was perfectly acceptable, unless they were selling your stolen property. This portrayal of Chriss neighborhood further reinf orces the class differences between the white and black neighborhoods in New York and by extension throughout the United States. Chris returns to school and so returns the racial stereotypes that affect his day-to-day life. As the rumor of him beating up the bully continues to spread, Chris is put into a position where he cannot defend himself from any attackers or he would be labeled as the aggressor and punished by detention. Shortly after Chris begins his school day, he is called into the principal’s office to be lectured by the schools principal. Very quickly the most heinous stereotypes are said by the principal, a man who is supposed to be of superior intelligence and moral understanding. The principal tries to sympathize with Chriss life by assuming he does not have a father, that his mother is on drugs, and that Chris was born a crack baby. Chris, not having any of these issues, is shocked and confused with the principle’s assumptions of what his life is like. By putting these stereotypes into words, the television show forces the audience to examine their own thoughts on racial stereotypes and where the line should beShow MoreRelatedEverybody Hates Chris Is A Sitcom958 Words   |  4 PagesEverybody Hates Chris is a sitcom about a young African American teenage boy growing up in Brooklyn, NY in the 1980s, based on and told from the experiences of Chris Rock, Emmy-award writer/actor/comedian. Chris is the oldest of three children who unlike many children in his community has both of his parents in the home. His father is a penny-pinching workaholic with two jobs, and his mother works part-time to help support the family although they are scrimping and scraping to get by. Both parentsRead MoreThe, Good Times, And Modern Day Sitcom1221 Words   |  5 Pagesprosperity in these communities, many young adolescents or student’s education suffers a great deal. Education is one of the most powerful apparatuses to sever the hardships o f poverty. The popular 70’s sitcom â€Å"Good Times† and modern day sitcom â€Å"Everybody Hates Chris†, are two perfect examples of two struggling African American families that values education because of their race, family structure, and family roles, which displays reflection of society. In the popular 70’s sitcom â€Å"Good Times†, demonstratesRead MoreTelevision s Influence On Our Vision On Worldview And Culture877 Words   |  4 Pagesknowledgeable about everyone’s ethnic background. In actuality, we are blinded by the portrayal of cultures on television leading to ignorance of cultural history. Ultimately, television promotes negative notions of divergent backgrounds. Everybody Hates Chris embodies this idea by propelling stereotypical views upon the audience, exemplifying the racial differences of minorities versus the majority, and denoting the African-American cultural experience. Stereotypes allow humans to generalize groupsRead MoreStereotypical Images Of Mexican Americans And Black Americans909 Words   |  4 Pagesthat stereotypical image in the contemporary media. Hispanic Americans and Black Americans are left with harm because of these stereotypes that have been shown in the contemporary media, for example in the television shows George Lopez and Everybody Hates Chris. It seems to be that stereotypes are being less focused on or just being allowed because of the humor they bring out in those television shows. Hispanic Americans are often stereotyped in today’s society. Stereotypes that are said about HispanicRead MoreTeaching Resistance : The Racial Politics Of Mass Media936 Words   |  4 PagesAuthor Bell Hooks once said â€Å"I will not live my life narrowed down; I will not bow down to someone else’s whim or to someone else’s ignorance†. This quote provides the utmost inspiration of my choosing to analyze a TV show entitled â€Å"Everybody Hates Chris† in the point of view of a social activist. The show is a comedy that depicts the life of an African- American family during the 1980s. Even though the show’s purpose is to entertain viewers, the messages that are portrayed throughout the illustrationRead MoreThe Impact Of Television On Television1402 Words   |  6 Pagesnon-traditional orientations and behaviors of shows from all three categories, sitcoms incorporated the most traditional roles among the sexes. These sitcoms included The Off ice, Episode 3 â€Å"Health Care†, Season 1, Aired April 5, 2008 and Everybody Hates Chris, Episode 1 â€Å"Everybody Hates the Guidance Counselor†, Season 3, Aired October 1, 2007. There is also a more significant amount of underrepresentation of women in this category compared to PBS children’s shows and cartoons. Out of four main characters thatRead More All My Sons : The Influence of Larry Essay789 Words   |  4 Pagesfell in love with Chris Larry’s brother and they wanted to get married. But since the mother still thinks that Larry is alive she is totally against it and doesn’t want them to marry which causes great problems between Larry and her. At first Mother has no idea that they have plans to marry, but she is suspicious about it. She tries to frighten Larry into not marrying Ann by saying,â€Å" He’s coming back, and everybody has got to wait.† Ann notices how mother is trying to push Chris down so he doesn’tRead MoreThoreau And Mccandless Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pagesliving in nature, their different reasons for rejecting materialism and their agreeing standpoints on solidarity. Thoreau’s motivation for spending a part of his life in the woods was because of the of wanting to find the purpose of life, while Chris, on the contrary, wanted to live in the woods for the independence and excitement. In Life in the Woods, Henry David Thoreau was described as a seeker. He seemed as a higher level intellectual. A socially vivified conscience. Being an intellectualRead MoreDonald Trump : America s Request And Actually Make America Great Again Essay1553 Words   |  7 Pagesout most wrongdoing in America, but on the other hand he s on record saying that we ought to give Europeans access to America and a way to citizenship, however not Latinos south of our American/Mexican fringe. Why, Donald? Why does he appear to have hate for racial minorities? We re not saying he is a bigot, but rather it smells, strolls, quacks and swims like a duck. You figure it out. Donald Trump has likewise disrespected himself on Twitter, with his racial tweets. In one of his tweets he has saidRead MoreKendrick Lamar s Music And Music1011 Words   |  5 Pagesexplains why people do drugs in back in Compton. They need to escape from reality, because in reality their friends are dying and the only way out of the ghetto is with music. The reason why Kendrick Lamar’s music matters so much to society is because everybody can learn from his lessons. He is a â€Å"old soul†, because he is young but is incredibly wise. He made the biggest decision of his life when he was young. His best friend Lil L chose to be a westside piru while Kendrick chose to be a musician. Kendrick’s

Commercial And Industrial Farming Vs. Farming - 1028 Words

Topic: Commercial/industrial farming vs Family farming. Structure: compare and contrast Three focus Areas: Quality of food/meat. How how farms are run. Quality of the milk. Example paragraph Have you ever asked yourself why is sustainable agriculture is so much better than industrial agriculture? Or what s in the milk i drink or the meat that i eat? Every time you sit down for a meal containing meat or dairy you’re dining with unknown carcinogens, bacteria, and other contaminants that can accumulate in your body and remain there for years. A carcinogen is a substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis which is the formation of cancer. commercial/industrial farming products are loaded with bacteria,†¦show more content†¦The reason farmers put hormones into a cow is the farmer wants really nice lean meat because people like lean meat and the hormones help the cow established better meat, they put hormones into dairy cows to keep them in heat and or put them into heat or keep them out of heat. If a industrial farmer would put steroids or hormones knowing the harms and dangers of putting steroids and hormones in there meat why not spend a couple more bucks for family farming meat, it could definitely save you more money from getting sick from the cheap industrial meat and the need doctors help to get rid of whatever you have been diagnosed with. Which brings us to the quality of the milk, lots of commercial farms put steroids in there cows to produce more milk than a regular cow could produce, prolactin, steroids including estrogens, progesterone, corticoids, and androgens, these are just some of the steroids commercial farmers inject in there cows. Sometimes when a cow produces too much milk they could develop mastitis in cows, mastitis is an infection or inflammation in the udders which makes them produce chunky milk it can be potentially fatal in the mammary gland and very expensive for the dairy commercial/industrial farms says HDB dairy, if the udders of a dairy cow doesn t work they often get shot and get butchered for meat just because the farm was pushing them to hardShow MoreRelatedEssay about The United States from 1865 to 19501172 Words   |  5 Pageschanged dramatically from 1865 to 1950. Many changes occurred in industrialization, foreign affairs, government, as well as in society and culture. The events that took place within this time period helped shape this country into what it is today. Industrial development began with the railroad, with the help of Republican governments, who provided subsidies, loans and tax exemptions to railroad corporations. Over 52,000 miles of railroad were laid all over the nation between 1854 and 1879. RailroadsRead MoreThe Impact Of Great Britain On The Industrial Revolution2012 Words   |  9 Pagespower-driven machinery, or by an important change in the prevailing types and methods of use of such machines.- Merriam- Webster This definition over simplifies the industrial revolution. In reality the Industrial Revolution was much more complex and encompasses many different aspects. With that said the events that led to the Industrial Revolution were even more complicated. How and why Great Britain was the first to lead the Revolution was multifaceted and involves many aspects of economic and socialRead MoreEnergy Choices Usa Vs. Brazil Essay1169 Words   |  5 PagesEnergy Choices USA vs. Brazil There are about three universally used fuel sources for energy around the world which are: coal, oil, and natural gas. There has been a global increase in energy consumption throughout the world. Energy consumption is a topic that will impact the world. Greenhouse gasses are gasses that trap heat in the atmosphere, in turn, releasing carbon dioxide. This essay will discuss the common fuel sources, emissions, and total energy consumption by the United States and BrazilRead MoreMidterm Exam Study Guide Exam2366 Words   |  10 PagesEquator Impacts Temperature it is the imaginary 0 degree line of latitude the closer something is to the equater, the hotter it is warmth and rainforest close to it, more temperate climates are away from it, even farther by the poles is cold Weather vs. Climate weather - what the atmosphere is like at a certain time climate - weather in an area over long periods of time both - deal with the conditions of the atmosphere over time Temperature and Elevation the higher something is, the colder it is ClimateRead MoreBiofuels : A Clean Alternative For Fossil Fuels?1737 Words   |  7 Pagesourselves and other nations to biofuels, there are also disadvantages to biofuels that are noteworthy. The main disadvantages of biofuels are the limited quantity biofuels can actually produce, the competition and inefficient use of land, the food vs. fuel debate that it generates, the harm it brings to biodiversity, and the contribution it makes to global warming. Although it was originally thought that biofuels could be produced in an endless quantity because they are renewable, this idea isRead MoreProgression vs Conservation-From the View Point of Third World Countries3064 Words   |  13 Pagesthis rampant industrial development and economic progression among third world countries in the 21st century. (â€Å"The Economy Vs. Environment Debate,† n.d.) There seemingly appears to be conflict between the act of progressing in terms of development and conservation. Our world has been rapidly changing over the past decade. This is due to the fact that the Industrial Revolution took place towards the end of the 18th century, covering the span of the early 19th century. (â€Å"The Economy Vs. EnvironmentRead MoreGas Vs. Diesel Vehicles1714 Words   |  7 PagesAustin Cagle Ms. Stevens English 12, Period 4 24 January 2016 Gas vs. Diesel Emissions Gasoline and diesel vehicles have been around for a long period of time ever since they were first designed around the 1930’s. The diesel market is in the middle of a revolution. Over the years that diesel has been around there are new enhancements that are increasing engine power and torque, lowering emissions and enhancing fuel economy, creating new and cleaner diesel vehicles. Through advancements in technologyRead MoreEssay on History of Economics2136 Words   |  9 PagesEconomics 515 Midterm 1 1. Economic growth vs. economic development, define extensive growth intensive growth Economic growth is the sustained increase in the output of goods/services of a society. Economic development is economic growth plus changes in technical and institutional arrangements by with output are produced. Extensive growth- increase in output due to increase in inputs (labor force grows, land stock increases) Intensive growth- increase in output per unit of input –Read MoreAgriculture and Technology6502 Words   |  27 Pages ii) ANIRBAN PODDAR (04) iii) MRINAL JANA ( ) School: Kendriya Vidyalaya, IIT Kharagpur - Thank you - AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY Agriculture is the production of food and goods through farming. Agriculture was the key development that led to the rise of human civilization, with the husbandry of domesticated animals and plants (i.e. crops) creating food surpluses that enabled the development of more densely populated and stratified societiesRead MoreNutrient Pollution : Causes, Impacts And Solutions1889 Words   |  8 Pagesthousands of square miles where almost nothing lives (National Science Foundation, n.d., Worldwide Dead Zones section, para. 1). Nutrient pollution, also known as eutrophication occurs when nutrients, most commonly nitrogen and phosphorus, from industrial, agricultural, residential, and airborne sources enter the water in high concentrations. This process results in water that is too rich in nutrients. This in turn causes a chain of events that can cause widespread ecological damage to both aquatic

Heart Of Darkness (1796 words) Essay Example For Students

Heart Of Darkness (1796 words) Essay Heart Of DarknessEvery man or woman has buried within themselves a dark side, savage side. When a man is taken out of society and left to create his own norms, he rediscovers those instincts, which have laid dormant since the beginning of existence. Survival of the fittest, physically and intellectually, is the foundation of these instincts. Persons who dominate one or many through mental or physical powers develop a sense of superiority. This feeling, if fostered by the environment, and intensified to an extreme, produces a sense of having God-like powers. A man believing himself to be a or the God is seen as a wicked person or a monster. Since monsters can not be allowed to roam the civilized world, someone must be sent to destroy it. To find the monster, the person selected must take the same path as the monster. This path is a journey into ones own mind, soul, or true self. The person on this path will never see evil so clear and defined as in his/her own reflection. In taking th is path, the person runs the risk of becoming the very thing he is trying to destroy. In Joseph Conrads story Heart of Darkness, the protagonist represents the person selected to seek out and destroy the monster. Conrad uses many techniques to bring the reader into the darkness: archetype, symbolism, and foreshadowing. The theme of this classic tale is made through the words of the western philosopher Nietzsche; when fighting monsters the person fighting should be careful not to become one, and when looking into a void the person must be aware that the void also looks into him. The readers are first introduced to the protagonist, Marlow, as he is being commissioned by the Company to hunt down the monster, Kurtz, Marlow, a boat captain, almost nomadic in his need to travel, is also a man of simple morals, simple to the point of religion, the most prevalent commandment seen in his character is thou shall not lie. Marlow, after spending a little time in London, embarks on his journey. The purpose of this journey is to find Kurtz, a man who is also employed by the Company which is in the ivory business, and has its greedy hand spread over Africa like a malignant tumor (Gatten). Having lost control of Kurtz, the Company choose to relieve him of his post and had, before Marlow, already employed another man who eventually joined Kurtz to retrieve him. With hopes of a successful recovery, of both the monster and the ivory which he guards, Marlow makes the journey down the Congo, which is never named as such, into the heart of Africa the heart of darkness. Darkness, meaning literally, a country where the inhabitants are themselves dark. Darkness, meaning symbolically, the savage part of a mans soul. The readers, reaching the midpoint of the story, find Marlow encountering one delay after another. Months of delays force him to observe his environment and the mentality of the people who surround him, both foreign and domestic. Marlow realizes that Kurtz is entrenched within a society which has few rules. Of these few rules, which direct the savage African society surrounding him, Kurtz is the creator and enforcer of the majority. Unrestricted by society, human nature is left to itself in its purest form. Were the natural human instincts are left to grow and thrive on the minds of any one in the presence of the darkness. Kurtz, a far superior being mentally than the savages who surround him, suffers from a god-complex. With this mental disorder in full effect, he is left unopposed to claim his position as a god. On his journey to find Kurtz, Marlow realizes the same principles that Kurtz had realized on his. Human nature is inherently both good and evil, light and dark the, yin and yang. It is the societys perception of good and evil which lead to its definitions. Evil is universally accepted as being tempting; shown by the adage; Be a slave in heaven, or a ruler in hell. This temptation is most prevalent in environments lacking rules, environments like that in which Kurtz was ensconced, or the same environment that we all encounter every day. This struggle inevitably creates unrest within the soul of the those involved. Finally reaching Kurtzs station, after the delays and dealings with the savages and others also employed by the Company, Marlow finds his prey ,the monster, Kurtz, closely following the stereotypes of what a monster is expected to do. Kurtz was found to be participating in monstrous acts such as: having heads of rebels impaled upon sticks, as an admonition to others of his power. Without the constraints of society, Kurtz is able to seek out and fulfill his inner desires and go beyond any restraints that he may have had before. In Kurtz, Marlo w sees, the inconceivable mystery of a soul that knew no restraint, no faith, and no fear, yet struggling blindly with itself (113). T. S. Eliot said, we are continually reminded of the power and terror of Nature, and the isolation and feebleness of Man. Marlow also believes that the very wilderness speaks to Kurtz, telling him secrets; whispered to him things about himself which he did not know, things of which he had no conception till he took counsel with this great solitude and the whisper had proved irresistibly fascinating (98). A mans growth is through his experiences, and both Marlow and Kurtz grow, through their respective journeys, at a meteoric rate. The Concept Of Corporate Corporate Performance Management Cpm Accounting EssayEnglish Essays

Information Management Systems

Introduction Organisations make vital decisions based on customer information concerning their consumption and preference patterns. Scientific studies are also based on the collection of data whose analysis brings the appropriate information that can be interpreted to draw the required inferences.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Information Management Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nations make vital decisions concerning requisite policies that address social problems such as poverty. Hence, they have to collect and subsequently analyse a large amount of data. This situation highlights the need for a mechanism for managing big data. One might raise questions concerning the role that information management systems play in this task. Using four scholarly articles, this paper defines and discusses management information systems. It also discusses the importance of such systems in the context of the ne ed to handle big data. Definition and Discussion of Information Management Systems Data refers to raw facts that relate to a given phenomenon or issue. Information refers to organised facts about a given phenomenon or issues. Such facts are presented in a way that adds value to the previous data. Information management system constitutes computers and other associated tools that help in data collection and processing to produce information. An example of information management is shown in figure 1. Data is important in making various strategic decisions for an organisation. Its collection and storage followed by analyses require the availability of information management tools. Indeed, every organisation seeks strategic plans for growth in terms of size and productivity levels.Advertising Looking for case study on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Growth increases difficulties in handling customer and supply chain complaints due to the large amount of data that requires analysis and synthesis. Different organisations deploy different types of information management systems to handle big data. At medium-sized organisations, common information management systems include decision support systems, transaction processing systems, and integrated MIS systems. Figure 1: An example of management information system Source: (Turban, 2008, p.300). Decision support systems facilitate the making of decisions based on the analysis of data and statistical projections. Transaction processing systems avail a means of collecting data, its storage, modification, and the cancelation of different transactions. This type of system is perhaps important where big data is deployed in managing organisations’ operational systems that support its business.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Information Management Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn Mor e Decision support systems create an opportunity for improvement of quality of the decisions that are made by organisations’ managers instead of laying them off. Through transaction processing systems, an organisation acquires the capacity to execute simultaneous transactions. Data that is collected by the system can be held in databases. However, such data stores may not have the capacity to handle big data that relates to the entire customer population. The data can later be deployed in report production, including billing, reports for scheduling manufacturing, wage reports, production and sales summaries, inventory reports, and check registers. Both decision support systems and transaction processing systems share common challenges that make them unsuitable for meeting the needs of organisations that deal with big data. Their security constitutes a big issue. For transaction processing system, the appropriateness of the dealings is overly dependent on the accurateness of the information that is stored in the databases. The decision support system is even slower in helping to arrive at concrete decisions, despite its limited capacity of data processing. Decision support systems interact with human decision makers. This challenge makes it incredibly irrelevant for an organisation that generates several terabytes of data on a limited duration such as Argonne National Laboratory (Wright, 2014, p.13). An example of information systems for managing big data successfully at an organisational level is the integrated information management system. One of such systems is the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system.Advertising Looking for case study on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, more sophisticated systems are used for managing big data in science research institutions and internet-based organisations such as Amazon and Google companies. The Roles of Information Management Systems in Handling Big Data Information management systems are important to all organisations. Speiss, T’Joens, Dragnea, Spencer, and Philippart (2014) assert that some modern organisations’ information management systems depend on â€Å"traditional database, data warehouse, and business intelligence tool sets† (p. 4). Such systems are only configured to serve one organisation using data resources that are only accessible to it (the organisation). This observation suggests that such tools do not possess attributes such as scalability and cost effectiveness, which are necessary while analysing large customer-related data. Therefore, similar data from other organisations may be important in managing customer experiences better. Such data together with other fac ts from the organisation in question may be left unanalysed to arrive at more effective decisions on how to serve customers better. To mitigate the above challenges, alternative information systems that are capable of effectively analysing and interrelating massive scales of data from different organisations have become important. Such massive data is referred as ‘big data’ (Speiss et al., 2014). The systems for analysing big data are different, depending on the needs of a given organisation, group of organisations, or even a given nation. Integrated information management systems are important in managing large amounts of information. Once they are customised, they facilitate the generation of information that is critical for making decisions in different departments within an organisation. For example, an organisation that deals with the manufacturing of products for shipping to customers in different geographical regions may customise integrated information managemen t systems as shown in figure 2. Figure 2: Example of a customisation approach for an information management system Xiong and Geng (2014) assert that information management systems can be deployed in analysing big data to yield information that is necessary for making important policy decisions in a given state. For instance, the pro-poor policies that were implemented in China led to a reduction of poverty levels in 2010. They were based on analysis of big data. Currently, income distribution differences among the poor and the rich people are rising in China and Cambodia. To come up with this deduction, they analysed big data using the Gini coefficient and the Theil Index (Xiong Geng, 2014). Although big data is important in making vital decisions upon its analysis, it brings with it an immense responsibility. In an interview with MIT Media Arts expert, Alex â€Å"Sandy† Pentland asserts that organisations do not own data and that â€Å"without rules that define who does, consumers will revolt, regulators will swoop down, and the interest of things will not reach its full potential† (Smith, 2014, p.101). This claim means that information should be availed to all people, instead of being preserved within an organisation’s premises so that other organisations and individuals do not share it or use it after its analysis to make important decisions that can influence their lives and businesses. From this assertion, an emerging question is whether people should be given the freedom to determine whether their data should be collected and stored in super memory computers so that all people who are interested in it can access it and deploy their big data information systems to yield their required information. Can people permit others to spy them in the disguise of collecting data? Alex responds to the above question by claiming that transparency helps in creating trust, which allows people to share their information freely. He notes that people are currently not notified that other people are spying them to collect big data. This move violates their rights just as they possess the right of control over their bodies (Smith, 2014). Transparency in data collection is incredibly important in ensuring that the information, which is derived from it, is helpful to an organisation. Alex insists that data, which is collected and analysed through big data information management systems, should complete the whole picture about an individual. The data is important when it is managed from a central place so that information from it can permit people to personalise their lives in terms of medicines, access to financial services, and insurance among other issues that are important for an individual’s living. Lack of transparency in data collection and storage only introduces challenges to its security. Indeed, many information management systems suffer from the challenges of unauthorised access to its systems. Lack of trust on an organisation’s information compels people to hack into systems. Alex confirms how this move influences negatively all critical systems since it paves a way for disasters to arise, including those that lead to the death of innocent people (Smith, 2014). Considering the merits of maintaining open information management system, there arise questions on how transparency can be achieved. Alex provides an example of the way out. The Open PDS software, which was developed by MIT experts, permits people to access and view data held in companies’ databases and ensures its safe sharing (Smith, 2014, p.103). This provides reliability and dependability of the data held by the companies so that people are not temped to access it in unsecure ways leading to crimes like espionage. In fact, some of the important qualities of a big data information management system are accuracy, flexibility, reliability verifiability and dependability. The need to handle and manage big data safely is important in all walks of life. Reliability in modern scientific research greatly depends on the capacity to present research findings reflecting a large sample size. Indeed, findings are more accurate when the entire population is studied. In the past, studying population was almost impossibility due to limitation of the capability to collect and analyse big data. Modern technological approaches permit such an endeavour. In a World of ever changing operational dynamics, more accurate forecasting of consumers and general industry trends is important in developing policies that increases an organisations’ competitive advantage. Therefore, generation of big data is almost inevitable. The case of SLACK Laboratory evidences the inevitability of generating big data in modern scientific researches. With its launch being anticipated in 2020, the â€Å"the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) will feature a 3.2-gigapixel camera capturing ultra-high-resolution images of the sky ev ery 15 seconds, every night, for at least 10 years† (Wright, 2014, p.13). During this period, big data will be generated. However, it requires real time analysis. Therefore, information management systems for big data are inevitable since this data exceeds the human ability to analyse and interpret. Nevertheless, the existing information management systems still do not have the ability to store all data that can be collected in a scientific research. For instance, Wright (2014) asserts that although more than 40 billion astronomical objects can be potentially viewed using an ultra-high resolution camera, only data that relates to specific objects of study can be stored. Thus, the data that is available is more than what several parallel super processing and storage computers can handle. Although the amount of data that can be generated during research may be above the capacity of the current information management systems to handle, the systems continue to develop to meet the increasing capability to collect data. For example, Wright (2014) reckons that scientists are now exploring and benchmarking from private sectors’ information management approaches such as cloud computing and quantum computing. The situation at SLACK Laboratory is replicated at Argonne National Laboratory. Argonne gathers more than 11 gigabytes of data in every minute (Wright, 2014). Its head researcher, Jaconsen, claims that his organisation has been struggling with the problem of sharing data amongst its research staff people (Wright, 2014). A traditional approach has been bringing in hard drives at the place of work to pick the data, which can be analysed at home. However, the improvement in data collection technology implies an increasing amount of data that can be collected per minute. Consequently, to foster better data sharing Argonne has now resulted in information management systems that use the concept of cloud computing (Wright, 2014). Although quantum computing ma y be considered the way to go, it may not meet future expectations. Wright (2014) supports this line of thought by claiming, â€Å"for more traditional computing tasks such as combinatorial optimisation, airline scheduling, or adiabatic algorithms, it is not at all clear that quantum computers will offer any meaningful performance gains† (p.15). Although the problem may have been in the district of scientific research, organisations that operate in the social media and other business lines that require internet connectivity have to cope with big data challenges. For example, Google Company, eBay, and Amazon must gather and process huge amounts of data on a daily basis. Consequently, these companies cannot negate from continuous investment in research for better big data integrated information management systems. Conclusion Organisations that operate in the global business environment generate a huge amount of data that relates to their customers. Scientific researchers now us e more improved data collection tools such as cameras that have immense pixel capabilities. The generated data exceeds the capacity for human decision makers to analyse and interpret it. Computers that rely on a set of CPUs to optimise processing capabilities are also becoming less important to scientific research communities that are in need of processing interrelated data from super data storage and processing computers. Apart from scientific researchers, organisations that operate in the internet sector such as Google, Yahoo, and Amazon are also seeking better ways of increasing data collection, storage, and processing to yield information. While cloud computing and quantum computing are potential solutions, they have limits in terms of their application. Therefore, investment in research for better big data integrated information management systems is inevitable not only for these organisations, but also others that deal with big data as a source of information. Reference List S mith, D. (2014).With Big Data Comes with Big Responsibility: An Interview with MIT Media Lab’s Alex â€Å"Sandy† Pentland. Harvard Business Review, 1(1), 101-104. Speiss, J., T’Joens, Y., Dragnea, R., Spencer, P., Philippart, L. (2014). Using Big Data to improve Customer Experience and Business Performance. Bells Lab Technical Journal, 18(4), 3-17. Turban, N. (2008). Information Technology for Management, Transforming Organisations in the Digital Economy. Massachusetts, MA: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Wright, A. (2014). Big Data Meets Big Science. Communications of the ACM, 57(7), 13-15. Xiong, B., Geng, Y. (2014). Practices and Experiences of GMS Countries Based on Big Data Analysis. Applied mechanics and materials, 687(691), 4870-4873. This case study on Information Management Systems was written and submitted by user Kailyn Phillips to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Common View Of Hypnosis Is That It Is An Altered State Of Consciou

The common view of hypnosis is that it is an altered state of consciousness, a trance-like state characterized by intense concentration, extreme relaxation, and high suggestibility. Many who accept this view also believe that hypnosis is the way of accessing the unconscious mind, thereby allowing the recovery of repressed memories, multiple personalities, and even memories of past lives. Since at least the 1960's this view of hypnosis has been seen as a myth by scientifically-minded psychologists, who deny that hypnosis is an altered state which somehow allows the hypnotist to communicate directly with the unconscious mind. There are two distinct, though related, aspects to the mythical view of hypnosis: the myth of the altered state, and the myth of the unconscious mind as a reservoir of repressed memories, numerous personalities, past lives, and for some, mythical insights and occult truths. Thoughts of hypnosis began in the 1970's with an Australian physician Franz Mesmer who would rely heavily on the power of suggestion. Franz's last name is where the term mesmerize came about. Later the term hypnosis emerged through an English surgeon named James Braid. Hypnosis is a Greek word, which means sleep. Braid used it to describe the hypnotic state people would be in after hypnosis. We now know that hypnosis is not sleep, but an altered state of consciousness. Many people believe the hypnosis is mythical and magical. Those supporting the mythical view of hypnosis often cite studies which show that during hypnosis the brain shows electrical changes and that the brain waves under hypnosis differ from those during waking consciousness. There are many problems with the realism of hypnosis. Many people feel that it's brought up upon the troubled people themselves. One clue as to the falsehood of the common view of hypnosis is the fact that it usually occurs under very dramatically different social settings: The showroom, the clinic, the classroom, and the police station. Showroom hypnotists usually work bars and clubs, and their subjects are usually people those idea of a good time is to join dozens of hundreds of others in a place where alcohol is the main social bonding agent. The subjects of clinical hypnotists are usually people with problems who have heard that hypnotherapy works for relieving pain or overcoming an addiction, fear, weight problem, etc. Another group of people who get hypnotized are college students who take psychology classes. Finally, some hypnotic subjects are people who have been victims or witnesses of a crime, but can't remember enough details to help police investigators who encourage them to undergo hypnosis to help them remember. There are many facts that claim that hypnosis is not a reliable tool. Most of what is know about hypnosis, opposed to what is believed, has come from studies on the subject, not the hypnotists. We know that there is a significant correlation between being imaginative and being responsive to hypnosis. We know that those who are fantasy-prone are also likely to make excellent hypnotic subjects. We know that hypnotic subjects are not turned into zombies and are not controlled by their hypnotist. We know that hypnosis does not enhance the accuracy of memory. We know that a person under hypnosis is very suggestible and that memory is easily filled in by imagination and by suggestions made under hypnosis. We know that confabulation is quite common while under hypnosis and that many states do not allow testimony which has been induced by hypnosis because it is intrinsically unreliable. We last know that the greatest predictor of hypnotic responsiveness is what a person believes about hypnos is. Some things that hypnosis is used for are to help you lose weight, quit smoking, find out different things, reincarnation, and many other things. The most controversial is its use in past life regressive therapy. According to its advocates, hypnosis opens a window to the unconscious mind were memories of past lives are stored. How memories of past lives get into the unconscious mind of a person is unknown, but advocates loosely adhere to a doctrine of reincarnation even though a doctrine does not require a belief in either the unconscious mind or memories of past lives. The only evidence that has been reported is

NYC On and Off the Beaten Path Manhattan

NYC On and Off the Beaten Path Manhattan SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips NYC is one of the biggest tourist destinations in the world- which makes sense as it’s also one of the biggest cities in the world. In this travel guide we’ll focus on things to do in Manhattan, the most tourist-friendly of the boroughs, with a wide range of option that will appeal to every type of traveller. There are major sights that every NYC tourist has heard of and wants to see...but what about some of the less well-known things to do, eat, and see? In this guide I’ll provide a kind of choose-your-own adventure for things to do in Manhattan: I’ll start with the most well-known Manhattan attractions- a tourist’s â€Å"greatest hits,† if you will. Then I’ll move on to some cool things to do in NYC that aren’t quite so clogged with other tourists but are popular among locals if you’re looking for a bit more of an authentic New York flavor. Last, I’ll hit on what’s really off the beaten path for NYC: the secret places, the obscure, and the weird. This is stuff even most Manhattanites don’t know about. Finally I’ll go over the necessary logistics of a trip to Manhattan: how to get there, how to get around, and where to stay. All the nuts and bolts. By the end of this guide you’ll be prepared for an amazing trip no matter your desired level of adventure, whether it’s for two days or two weeks! What To Do In Manhattan: The Main Attractions There are the most well-known museums, landmarks, and tourist spots in the city. They’re certainly worth seeing, especially if you want to get a feel for the most iconic sites on your first trip to the city. However, be prepared to jostle crowds and wait in long lines. #1: Central Park This sprawling park in the middle of Manhattan has everything from manicured walkways to sprawling woodlands to water features to its own zoo! Notable sites include the reservoir (above the 86th St Transverse), the Bethesda fountain in the middle of the park just north of Terrace Drive, and the Literary walk at the south end of the Mall. Worth hours of exploration, but don’t get caught in the park after dark- it’s not safe. #2: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 5th Ave Housing thousands of years of art and art objects from around the world in a sprawling building on the east edge of Central Park, the Met truly has something for all tastes. See a fully (re)assembled Egyptian temple, Greek and Roman statuary, beautiful Kimono and woodblock prints, and works by Renaissance masters all in one day! Be sure to check out the Costume Institute, on the Museum’s lowest level. The museum is pay-what-you will, although there is a suggested donation. It’s open late on Fridays, until 9 pm. #3: Broadway and Times Square Of course, NYC is known for its stellar Broadway productions- you can catch both trendier productions and long-running classics like the Lion King and The Phantom of the Opera. If you have your heart set on seeing the latest hit show I advise you to check out Time Out’s tips for finding cheap(er) Broadway tickets. If you can’t make it to a show, walking through Times Square at night is practically a production of its own. Flashing lights, tons of tourists, enormous stores and restaurants- it’s gaudy and garish and always packed, but it does have its own kind of iconic magnificence. #4: Empire State Building, 350 5th Ave It seems like every travel guide has the Empire State Building as pretty much item number one for â€Å"Things to Do in Manhattan, NY.† And for good reason- it’s one of the city’s most recognizable landmarks, and the views from the observation deck are breathtaking (assuming the weather cooperates). Be aware that lines are long and tickets are expensive. #5: Grand Central Terminal, 89 E 42nd St This is another truly iconic New York site, and a genuine hub of transit activity. The building is stately and elegant inside and out; marvel too at the commuters who have grown accustomed to its magnificence and race through the terminal head-down to catch their next train. #6: Rockefeller Center, 45 Rockefeller Plaza This massive complex of buildings in Midtown commissioned in the 30s by the uber-rich John D. Rockefeller offers several attractions of interest. In addition to guided tours that highlight the Art Deco architectural features and amazing sculptures, you can go up to the observation deck at the Top of the Rock. A potential advantage over the Empire State Building observatory is that Empire State Building is actually visible from this one. #7: American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West and 79th St If you’re into taxidermy, dinosaurs, or gemstones you’ll have a field day at the Museum of Natural History. All kinds of curiosities, factoids, and specimens concerning the earth and our universe are to be found in this enormous museum with its famous blue whale suspended from the ceiling in one of the larger galleries. #8: 9/11 Memorial and Museum, 911 Greenwich St This museum and memorial at the site of the former World Trade Center comprises a memorial park and a mostly underground museum with the mementos and stories of the victims. The site has not been without its controversies, but millions have visited since it opened to the public in May 2014. #9: Museum of Modern Art, 11 W 53rd St With six floors of art from the late 1800s and beyond, you can see everything at the MoMA from Monet to Magritte to experimental light and sound installations. The museum has one of the largest collections of modern art in the world. Admission is free on Friday nights; it's always jam-packed. #10: Schwarzman Library, 5th Ave at 42nd St This is the main branch of the New York Public Library. You may well recognize its iconic lion statues and landmark status, but did you know it also has temporary exhibits inside? The exhibits are small but well-curated and often display priceless archival material from notable authors and artists. Additionally, the entire building itself is beautifula veritable temple of books! It’s also adjacent to Bryant Park, an attractively landscaped green space with lots of sitting space- a great place to enjoy nice weather and people-watch after checking out the Library. Cool Things to Do in NYC: Popular With the Locals Once you’ve exhausted (or decided to forgo) some of the top NYC attractions, you might want to turn to some non-touristy things to do in NYC. These are the sites New Yorkers gravitate towards when they have free time to explore the city. Be sure to check out at least one! [ Photo by Claire Whitehouse #1: Riverside Park, Upper West Side Everyone’s heard of Central Parknot so much Riverside Park. A gorgeous hidden gem on the Upper West Side that abuts the Hudson river, Riverside has miles and miles of wooded trails and beautiful views. From May to November, local bar and eatery Ellington opens up a second location in the park (near 106th)- a prime spot for enjoying good weather. brownpau/Flickr. #2: Frick Collection, 1 E 70th St This gallery converted from the former home (and collection) of industrialist Henry Clay Frick is small but mighty, featuring a variety of Old Masters paintings and fine and rare housewares, rugs, and porcelain goods. See it for a glimpse into Old New York; Frick amassed the entire collection himself during his life, and really lived among the fancy furnishings. Teri Tynes/Flickr. #3: The High Line, Chelsea This innovative park is built on an old elevated rail line located in the trendy Chelsea neighborhood. Come for the novelty, stay for the people-watching and great views of the Hudson. Erik Forsberg/Flickr #4: Chelsea Market, 75 9th Ave This food hall used to be an ingredient market for professional cooks and city restaurants. Now it’s more of an upscale food court with almost forty options covering a wide variety of meal and snack options. You might have to eat standing up because of the crowds, but the food’s delicious. miss_millions/Flickr #5: The Cloisters, 99 Margaret Corbin Dr An offshoot of the Met Museum, the Cloisters houses their collection of medieval art in a quasi-monastic setting, complete with medieval-style gardens. Of special note are the unicorn tapestries. Marc Smith/Flickr #6: The Tenement Museum, 103 Orchard St See how most of New York lived in the days of yore- in cramped, unsanitary apartments- in the Tenement Museum, which is dedicated to â€Å"America’s urban immigrant history.† The space, a restored actual tenement building complete with historically accurate living spaces, can be seen by guided tour only. #7: Atwood, 986 2nd Ave For a fancier dining experience, try the Atwood, a trendy rustic-chic restaurant and bar in Midtown East serving upscale twists on lots of typical Americana fare. It’s dim and atmospheric at night (a perfect date spot) and a sweet brunch place during the weekend daytime. Eden, Janine, and Jim/Flickr #8: Joshua Tree, 513 3rd Ave After dark, this sports bar in Murray Hill starts playing old music videos on its screens and it turns into an ‘80s and ‘90s dance party. Expect a rowdy but friendly crowd and lots of singing along! One of the most fun things to do in Manhattan when the sun goes down. the Museum at FIT/Flickr #9: Museum at FIT, 227 W 27th St This free museum affiliated with the Fashion Institute of Technology offers rotating, themed exhibits showcasing their extensive collection of clothes and accessories from all eras. Past exhibition themes include â€Å"Fairy Tale Fashion,† â€Å"A Queer History of Fashion,† and â€Å"Triangle Factory Fire.† If you didn’t quite get your fill at the Met’s Costume Institute, this museum is for you! There really aren’t that many free things to do in Manhattan that aren’t outdoors, which makes this a particular treasure. Katina Rogers/Flickr #10: The Strand Bookshop, 828 Broadway This notable independent bookshop boasts 18 miles of books in their enormous East Village store! They have new, used, and rare books, as well as book-themed gifts and store merchandise with their iconic logo. Unique Things to Do in NYC: Manhattan’s Secret, Interesting, Obscure, Weird, and Adventurous Looking for some places to go in Manhattan that are really off the beaten path? Here are some of NYC’s most interesting and crazy things to do. bettyx113/Flickr #1: Greenacre Park, 217 E 51st St If you want to explore one of the truly secret places in NYC, hunt for one of the city’s tiny parks. Greenacre Park, tucked away in Midtown East, is one of the best. It’s a green oasis with a waterfall and graceful trees that feels like a pocket of fairyland dropped right into the city. Doug Belshaw/Flickr #2: Museum of Sex, 233 5th Ave If you want to talk about sex, baby, the Museum of Sex is for you. It features an extensive collection of ever-changing exhibits addressing all aspects of human sexuality, from the biological to the cultural to the downright pornographic. It’s safe to say that you should leave the kids at home for this one. #3: Dream House, 275 Church St This â€Å"light and sound installation† created by a husband and wife team has gone on in various iterations for over two decades and features droning music and soft, pastel lighting. Visitors are encouraged to stay for hours to become fully immersed in the atmosphere. Some have described it as a spiritual or sacred experience; it’s definitely one of the most unusual things to do in NYC. Note that the Dream House closes for the summer and re-opens in the fall. Tony/Wikimedia Commons #4: Merchant’s House Museum, 29 E 4th St The Merchant’s House was originally built in 1832, and a merchant family (surprise surprise) lived there for over a hundred years. Guided tours of the historical house will show you four floors of lovingly restored 19th-century style rooms- and maybe some ghosts! The Merchant’s House is legendary for its supposed Treadwell family specters, and was even named Manhattan’s most haunted house by the New York Times. Candlelit ghost tours of the house are offered periodically if you’re adventurous and looking for a spooky experience. Joe Wolf/Flickr #5: City Hall Subway Station, Financial District This abandoned subway station was once a beautiful showpiece of rapid transit, but it hasn’t been used in years. Public tours are offered by the New York Transit Museum, if you purchase a museum membership and a tour ticket (this will set you back about a hundred bucks in total). However, some intrepid folks have been known to ride the Brooklyn-bound 6 train to the end of the line (the Brooklyn Bridge stop), duck down to stay hidden when the conductor asks everyone to get off the train, and then sneak a peek at the station when the train is turning around in the old City Hall subway station. If you yourself are an intrepid soul, be aware that this is not actually legal! Eelke/Flickr #6: The New York Earth Room, 141 Wooster St This art installation by Walter De Maria, in place since 1977, is literally a room full of pounds and pounds of dirt in a Soho art gallery. The piece is supposed to be worth over a million dollars. It doesn’t get more â€Å"weird things to do in NYC† than this. #7: New York Academy of Medicine Library, 1216 5th Ave This rare books library maintained by the NYAM is full of an extensive and hugely significant collection of old medical treatises from the 15th century onward. You can make an appointment to see the collection or check out the library’s event programming, which involves lectures and workshops on interdisciplinary humanities-and-medicine topics. Alex Pascual Guardia/Flickr #9: Sleep No More, 530 W 27th St If you’re way over Broadway, try â€Å"Sleep No More,† an interactive production of Macbeth in which everyone in the audience wears a mask. An immersive and exciting theater experience. Melinda/Flickr #9: King’s Carriage House, 251 E 82nd St If afternoon tea is your thing but you don’t want to go somewhere super posh and stuffy like one of the big hotels in midtown, King’s Carriage House is the place to go. With adorably decorated tea wares, an unflappable staff, and a delicious selection of tiny sandwiches and snacks all tucked away in a little house with Old World charm, it’s a genuinely calm and quiet retreat from the hustle and bustle of the city. Just remember to make a reservation so they can be ready for you! Joy/Flickr #10: La Toulousaine, 942 Amsterdam Ave An adorable, unassuming French bakery plopped right into the Upper West side on Amsterdam Ave. The counter service is diffident but it’s worth any trek: La Toulousaine is the best place for a flaky, melt-in-your mouth pain au chocolat this side of the Atlantic. Map of Sites Mentioned See below for a map of all the sites! The Logistics: How to Get There, How to Get Around, Where to Stay Of course, before you can start adventuring around Manhattan, you need to work out the logistics of your trip! How to Get There If you’re on the East Coast, you can take a bus to NYC for cheap. One-way fares from Boston to NYC, for example, can often be as low as ten dollars! Just make sure you’re using a reputable bus company. (You can search bus company safety ratings in the US Department of Transportation’s SAFER system.) A more comfortable but slightly more expensive option is the train. If you buy far enough in advance, for instance, an Amtrak coach fare from Philadelphia to Penn Station, New York, is $39. If you’re too far for train or bus, your only real option is to fly. In terms of airports, Newark, LaGuardia and JFK all have relatively affordable mass transit options to get you into the city, so you can shop around for the best airfare price. You should note, though, that your trip from JFK on the MTA will be more than an hour if you’re staying in Upper Manhattan. How to Get Around NYC is not a car-friendly city; renting a car is much more of a hassle than it’s worth. The most cheap and reliable way to navigate the city is the subway and buses- collectively known as the MTA. Because the MTA does not have free train-to-train transfers unless the stations are connected, it can sometimes be most cost-effective for travelers to get an unlimited pass for the time they are staying in the city instead of paying per fare. A 7-day unlimited pass costs $31. This is your most cost-effective option if you are going to use the MTA 13 or more times during your trip, even if you aren’t staying in the city a full 7 days. NYC-dwellers are often almost comically suspicious of the bus, but don’t avoid it- it’s the best way to get across town! If you need to take a car, Ubers are cheaper than taxis, especially if you do an UberPool and ride with other passengers. Plus you won’t have to deal with the stress associated with hailing cabs in NYC. Watch for price surges, though- for any surge greater than 1.15, a taxi will be cheaper. Where to Stay Hotels in Manhattan are notoriously expensive (think well north of $200 even during relatively non-busy times for national hotel chains like Marriott). If you have your heart set on a hotel in Manhattan but you don’t want to pay too much, you can troll sites like trivago.com for deals or try to visit in the â€Å"off-season† (mid-Jan through March, though of course the weather is also poor this time of year). The city is the busiest (and most expensive!) in the fall, when the weather is particularly lovely. Also, don’t stay near Times Square. Times Square is good for a look if you’ve never been, but it’s noisy, crowded, not close to anything particularly interesting, and NYC-dwellers avoid it like the plague. Hotels there are also more expensive because tourist demand is so high. You’re much better off staying a little (or a lot) uptown or downtown. For cheaper options, you might explore staying in a hostel. Many hostels allow you to book private rooms, which are more expensive than shared rooms but much cheaper than hotels. You will still probably have to share a hallway bathroom, but a good hostel is clean, comfortable, and has free wifi. This is a great option if you are travelling with a group; if you book far enough in advance you should be able to get shared rooms together. Airbnb is another good option, as a private room (or even an entire small apartment!) is often much cheaper than a hotel. If you have access to a kitchen, you’ll also be able to cook for yourself- another great money-saving option in NYC. (But don’t eat all of your meals at home! NYC is a great food town and you should take advantage of it!) Final Thoughts on 30 Things to Do in Manhattan While there’s nothing wrong with hitting some of the major attractions in a place like NYC that’s so full of legendary and fabled spots, it’s also great to see some things most other tourists don’t. So when you plan your trip to Manhattan, it can be more fun- and cheaper!- to go to a few places that won’t be crowded with hundreds of other travelers. If you’re feeling even more adventurous, you might even try going to some spots that Manhattanites have barely heard of!

The commonest form of contract law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The commonest form of contract law - Essay Example A court of law usually enforces the contract as long the offeree proves that he posted the letter. For the case of Bella, the letter he posted on 25th September 2006, but arrived on 30th September 2006, the contract to purchase the text book became binding immediately he sent the letter of acceptance. It does not matter that the letter was delayed by the post office. On the issue that since the recommended textbook for the course has changed, and Bella does not wish to buy the textbook, this would not apply. Acceptance one made, it cannot be revoked. The moment Bella expressed his acceptance of an offer, that very moment the contract is concluded, and it does not matter whether the acceptance is by word of mouth or even by writing. On the case of Chu who accepted Arun's offer by telephone, his contract became complete when the acceptance was heard by Arun on 30th September 2006. According to the law of contract, there is an exception to the communication of acceptance. A contact is complete only when acceptance is actually communicated to the offeror. But a contract made by telephone is complete only when the acceptance is heard by the offeror. For this case, Chu should not revoke the acceptance on the basis that the book will not be useful since it is not recommended text book in his course. An acceptance once made, it cannot be revoked. On the case of Dilma, who accepted the offer by email sent on 27th September 2006 but read by Arun on 28th September 2006, the contract became binding immediately the email of acceptance was sent. According to law of contract, there is an exception to the communication of acceptance as acceptance made by cable takes effect from the moment of posting is an exception to the general rule, that a contract is complete only when acceptance is actually communicated to the offeror. For this case, Dilma cannot be able to revoke the acceptance since an acceptance made cannot be revoked. Past Consideration is Sufficient Consideration Although consideration must not be past, there are three exceptions to this rule that past consideration is no consideration. The exceptions to this rule are applicable when:- The past consideration consists of services rendered at the express or on legally implied request of the promissor. A relevant case studied on this concept is that of:- Lampleigh vs. Braithwait In this case B, under death sentence, requested L to obtain King's pardon for him, which he did. B subsequently promised to pay 100 to L, which he failed to pay, and pleaded the defence that his promise was based on past consideration. It was held that as the plaintiff performed services as the express request of the defendant, a subsequent T promise to pay would be binding on him. When a debt, the payment of which is barred by statute of limitations, is revived by a fresh promise in writing for example if a creditor does not demand the repayment of the loan from his debtor within six years of the loan hence he cannot enforce his claim in the court in case the debtor refuses to pay. Lastly in the bill of exchange Act that provides that an antecedent debt or liability on the part of the promisor or drawer of the

Harlem Renaissance Poets Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Harlem Renaissance Poets - Research Paper Example On the one hand, Johnson poem â€Å"Let Me Not Lose My Dream† features her seminal background in Rome, Georgia. The poem carries well recitations of the ancient culture and the need for blacks to take on the challenges of the community, while embracing stoicism. The inclusion of entertaining humor in the literary content was largely impacted by her skills of playing musical instruments and natural history. The creation of the poem was largely influenced by William Starkey Braithwaite work, an author who highlighted the socio-economic and political challenges that minority communities faced in the United States, and the need to remain steadfast in the quest for a free America. Considered to be one of the founding women poets, who based their literature on the new role of African Americans, Johnson’s poem â€Å"Let Me Not Lose My Dream† was laced with a feeling of sadness and optimism that blacks faced in their effort to assume prominence in the society. On the oth er hand, Gwendolyn Bennett was another significant poet of this period. The poet was born in July 1902 in Giddings, Texas. Her parents were Joshua and Maime Bennett. Bennet’s poem â€Å"Heritage† features her life as a young woman in Brooklyn’s Girls High, through her adulthood. The nature of treatment she received was characterized by benignly cold reception from the mainstream white community. Through the poem â€Å"Heritage,† particular practices such as the intellectual capabilities of the blacks during Harlem Renaissance were tolerated without question, and without meticulous thought. The poem highlighted the future role of the blacks, in social and political circles. â€Å"Heritage† is illustrative of a keen intellectual mind, which Bennet summoned during the Harlem Renaissance period to articulate the social change in the American society; that democratic transformation in the society was inevitable, and that art and literary genre had becom e a significant avenue used to communicate the much needed change in the society (Hull 13-15). Despite the significant, but the largely different titles of the two poems, Johnson’s â€Å"Let Me Not Lose My Dream† and Bennet’s â€Å"Heritage,† are two literary works that indicate the need to conserve fruitful society norms of the blacks such as social democracy, fair representation in all aspects of the society and justice for all. Whereas the former poem served to motivate the rising blacks not to be cowed in their effort to assume socio-economic and political significance in the society; the latter holds that not all new developments may yield positive outcomes. The poems by Georgia Douglas Johnson and Gwendolyn Bennett are, thus, illustrative of the enormous skills and resourcefulness that inspired the change empowerment of blacks during the Black Arts Movement. By reexamining the contribution of these poets, one can have a glimpse of delight of the bla cks during Harlem Renaissance, despite the enormous social challenges they faced . Themes present in the two poems Ethnic Pride Featuring the historical Black Arts Movement was an explicit ethnic delight that was captured in the philosophy of the empowerment of the community, who through scholarly work and creation of literature could reverse the pervading ethnic bigotry and traditions to enhance

Council Responsible for Genetics Essay Example for Free

Council Responsible for Genetics Essay The Council for Responsible Genetics (CRG) is a non-profit NGO with a focus on biotechnology , the Council for Responsible Genetics was founded in 1983 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. An early voice concerned about the social and ethical implications of modern genetic technologies, CRG organized a 1985 Congressional Briefing and a 1986 panel of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, both focusing on the potential dangers of genetically engineered biological weapons. Francis Boyle was asked to draft legislation setting limits on the use of genetic engineering, leading to the Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989. CRG was the first organization to compile documented cases of genetic discrimination, laying the intellectual groundwork for the Genetic Information Non-discrimination Act of 2008 (GINA). The organization created both a Genetic Bill of Rights and a Citizens Guide to Genetically Modified Food. Also notable are CRGs support for the Safe Seeds Campaign (for avoiding gene flow from genetically engineered to non-GE seed) and the organization of a US conference on Forensic DNA Databanks and Racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System. In 2010 CRG led a successful campaign to roll back a controversial student genetic testing program at the University of California, Berkeley. In 2011, CRG led a campaign to successfully enact (GINA) in California which extended genetic privacy and non-discrimination protections to life, disability and long term care insurance, mortgages, lending and other areas. The Peoples Petition The Peoples Petition was an online campaign to express support for medical experimentation using animals in the United Kingdom. Within a year of launch the number of signatures exceeded 21,850 and included Tony Blair, the then-serving Prime Minister. By 13 May, the petition had recorded 13,000 signatures. The following day, in the wake of publicity around a number of acts of intimidation by animal rights activists, then British Prime Minister Tony Blair announced in the Sunday Telegraph, that he intended to add his name to the petition. As an unusual move for a serving politician, Blair described his intention as a sign of just how important I believe it is that as many people as possible stand up against the tiny group of extremists threatening medical research and advances in the UK. The petition offered the opportunity for individuals of any age or place of residence to express support for three assertions: * Medical research is essential for developing safe and effective medical and veterinary treatments, requiring some studies using animals. * Where there is no alternative available, medical research using animals should continue in the UK. * People involved in medical research using animals have a right to work and live without fear of intimidation or attack.

A Literature Review Of Travel Behavior Tourism Essay

A Literature Review Of Travel Behavior Tourism Essay Krobeber 1996, cited from Zhong, Zhang, Yang and Guo 2007 develops a related decision making model. Within this model, he claims that the tourist behaviour is determined by three elements: travel perception, travel attitude and travel motivation. He further suggests that there are two level influences. The first level influence of Krobeber (1996, cited from Zhong, Zhang, Yang and Guo 2007) can be affected from internal factors such as personal psychological factor and the second level influence comes from external social factors such as family background or group influence. The main contributions regarding motivation is the Maslows hierarchy of needs model (Maslow 1970), the escape or seek model (Iso-Ahola 1982; Ross and Iso-Ahola 1991) and the push and pull method (Crompton 1979). Mill and Morrison (1985) argues that travel motivations fit into Maslows hierarchical needs namely, physiological, safety, belonging, self-esteem and self-actualization. Also they identified two other needs: aesthetics and knowledge. The human needs physiological, safety/security and belonging/love were categorized as tension-reducing, while the self-esteem, self-actualization, acquiring knowledge and aesthetic as inductive arousal-seeking motives (Figure 2.1) Motivation is one of variables that can explain tourist behavior; it is regarded as one of the most important variables (Baloglu and Uysal 1996). There are many of researches assure that travel decision making is best explained and predicted by the push and pull approach include Backman, Backman, Uysal and Sunshine 1995; Baloglu and Uysal 1996; Ercan, Uysal and Yoshioka 2003. Crompton (1979) explains that motivation is a necessary and important force behind all behavior. People travel because they are pushed and pulled to do so by motivational factors (Baloglu and Uysal 1996). Push motivation is related to the decision, whether to go, and pull motivation addresses the question of where to go (Klenosky 2002). Crompton (1979) used unstructured in-depth interviews and explored push motivation and pull motivation, he summarizes that push is socio-psychological motives that activate people to travel and pull is cultural motives that attract people to a particular destination. Traditionally, the push motivations have been thought useful for explaining the desire for travel while the pull motivations have been thought useful for explaining the actual destination choice (Crompton 1979). According to Ross and Iso-Ahola (1991), push motivation can be considered as psychological factor and pull motivation is physical factor. These two factors can influence travel decisions and leisure engagements. Jang and Cai (2002) point that push refers to the internal facto rs that drive individuals to travel and pull is concerned about the external factors that determine where, when, and how they travel. Kim (2008) addresses that the push factor can be considered as to travel by intangible factors such as escape, relax, exploration) and pull factor is to decide destinations by tangible factors such as attractions, facilities. Motivation as one of the most important theories, it is recognized the key of the success of travel market. Iso-Ahola (1982) observes that people take part in various leisure and travel activities due to their own need. Tourist motivation is associated with individuals desires for achieving various purposes through travel (Kim and Beck 2009). Furthermore, studies of tourist motivation can assist destination managers to understand how well the destination characteristics fit the needs of the travelers (Goeldner Ritchie, 2006) and design tourism products and services containing tourist needs. Destination choice and selection 2.3.1 Influential factors to make tourism decision Once the decision made to start tourism, the decision maker is in front of many questions, such like where to travel, whom to travel with and how to travel. In general, this is a process to collect, organize and assess the information (Liu, 2008). 2.3.1.1 Environmental perception Environment perception refers to the tourism information rooted in mind, the old information and collected information. In general, this is the whole impression for the travelling. The potential tourists would be influenced by the environment perception. Though there might be some very significant tourist destinations, the tourists will not go the famous places that have no impression in their mind and perception. That is what we called environmental perception. Environmental perception mainly include first, the popularity of tourist, which is the first impression of the tourism destination, the tourist will neglect other same destinations; second is tourism distance, the influential factor to the decision is the imaginary distance, not the real distance of the destination. The imaginary distance is made of unreal distance, and time cost, money cost, and energy. 2.3.1.2 Principle of maximum benefit Principle of maximum benefit refers to the tourists will get the best enjoyment within certain budget during the tourism. Tourists will think it over before making a decision to travel. The main principles of maximum benefit are: The minimum time on tourism, it means that the decision to travel will be made according to time spending on it, if the time spending is less than a level, then the decision will be made. Tourists are in favor of less time spending on the travelling. Second is the popularity of tourism destination. The tourism destinations with higher popularity are more attractive, and tourists have gained more information though tourism. Meanwhile, the tourism destination, which has different culture, will arouse the interest for tourism. Beside the two factors, there are other influential factors: best tourism destination, proper price and comfortable accommodation. 2.3.1.3 Tourism preference Tourism preference refers to the humans impression based on their characters over the reality. The tourism preference of tourists is influenced by humans personal impression. The tourism preference is decided by personal impression of tourists. Regarding tourism preference, there are three factors to research, including age, occupation and education. 2.3.2 Content of tourism decision Before starting the tourism, the tourists are supposed to make a lot of decisions; any of them will take personal factors and will into consideration besides external factors. For example, they will ask for some suggestions and think about the tourism route and travelling partner. These questions mainly include information channel, decision maker, travelling partners and tourism pattern. 2.3.2.1 Information channel Information channel is the way to obtain and collect the information. With various channel, it is able to obtain the product information, or other users experience of using the products. As the society turns into a information-based ear, the information channel is various, which including networking channel, newspaper, books and magazine, television, internet and tourism institutions and so on. 2.3.2.2 Decision consultant Decision consultant is someone who the tourist will ask for suggestions before starting tourism. Potential tourists will take suggestions into consideration, and then is more likely to ask for others consultation about where to go and how to go. 2.3.2.3 Tourism partners People would like to find partners when go shopping, the same like tourists, many people like to start tourism with partners. According to experts of consumer behavior, they have made further analysis on the relationship between person and his partners in shopping. According to analysis, the shopping partners are intended to provide the suggestions based on their experience on the products and marketing, while the relationship between them is not intimate, such like neighbor, colleague and schoolmates. However, the suggestions might be focusing on the persons characters and personal demand, while relationship between them is intimate, such like family members. Choices from tourism partners are not only a reliable resource, but also the suggestions and advices. 2.3.2.4 Ways of tourism Ways of tourism is focusing on how to reach the destination. In general, there are two ways to travel, first is joining the travelling agency, and another is individual tourism. In this context, it will specify ways of tourism into several aspects, including joining travelling agency, individual tourism depending on maps, companys tourism, communitys tourism, institutions tourism and others. 2.4 The senior travel market 2.4.1 The seniors travel market in oversea For overseas countries, as they started the tourism analysis in an early time, traced from 1980, the understanding towards tourism of the old people is very fruitful (Liu, 2008). It reflects in these aspects: Research on tourism motivation Regarding the research of tourism for the old people, it mainly focuses on tourism motivation and perception. The research has applied many methods, including questionnaire, on-spot survey. The method mainly focuses on the incentive and influential factors. Besides these methods, many other scientific measures have been applied. For example, a survey on the old people in Israel has been made by Aliza Fleischer in 2002. According to the survey, it found that the main influential factors are income and health, also the tourism time is also changing according to age. For the people aged from 55 to 65, they have rising free time and income, which is decisive to the increasing tourism times. For the people aged above 65, as their income and health going down, the tourism time is reducing (Aliza, 2002). Jaesoo et al. (2003) have applied neural network of describing method to estimate the weight of influential factors towards the old peoples tourism. Meanwhile, it applied the non-neural network model to describe the relationship between tourists and tourism products. Anderson and Langmeyer(1982) analyzed the relationship between the old people and tourism. According to survey, tourists aged above 50 prefer tourism or visiting relatives to enjoy themselves. However, tourist aged below 50 prefer out-door activities or other entertainment facility to enjoy themselves Goossens (2000) proposed the model called enjoyment incentive, which is also called model of intention, stimulation and reaction. The model includes the factor of pulling and pushing. Regarding the factor of pushing, it refers to environment, social status, relax and friendship; in respect of the factor of pulling, it refers to the situation of tourism. It emphasized the relationship between pulling and pushing, it considered that these two factors are two sides of a coin, which is closely tied in tourists mind. Crompton and Mckay (1997) pointed out that there are 6 incentives to attend the activities, including experiencing culture, curiosity, return, and balance, social activity with friends, official activity and family activity (Crompton and Mckay, 1997). Research on tourism behavior of the old people Regarding the old people, the research on detailed behavior of tourism is comparatively fewer, mainly focusing on the difference of behavior compared with others. Blazey (1992) has made a research on the relationship of tourism before and after retired, plus the usage of tourism information of the old people. Lewiser Aiken (2001) has pointed out that friendship is a networking, a mental support and a resource of information and entertainment for the old people. Meanwhile, he pointed out that the old people are more reliable to get information from prints, such like newspaper and other magazines. Romsa and Blenman (1989) compared the difference of tourists aged below 50 and above 60 in German; the result is that the tourism time is more flexible for the people aged above 60. Research on tourism market of the old people The research market of the old people played a part in the whole research, mainly focusing on how to attract the old people in tourism market. Charles D ¼Ã… ½Schewe (1985) indicated that the reason to target the old people in tourism market, as they have large potential and sustainable purchasing power. Francis et al. (1988) regarding the rising number of the old people in USA, it trying to find a way to attract them for the tourism industry, and an information channel to help them set up the vacation plan. In general, regarding the tourism behavior of the old people, the features are: the main influential factors are income and health; also time, income, health age will influence the length and time of tourism; the tourism time will be reduce in accordance with the rising age; friendship is an important information resource for tourism; tourism time is flexible; purpose of tourism is for self-enjoyment. 2.4.2 The seniors travel market in China Since 1999, our society became an aged society, the old people was the main part of society, which is also played an important part in the tourism industry. The research of tourism behavior for the old people started from 1990, in this case, the research has been only in the primary step so far. The core of research was the tourism industry of the old people with many results. However, the research of tourism behaviors feature of the old people is very few (Liu, 2008). Research on the old peoples tourism Though the experts have involved in this issue for not a long time, there has some results. Wei (2001) thinks that the tourism incentive of the old people include health, culture, history and recollecting memory. The old people prefer cultural and historical cities, and would like to go travelling with families, friends or fellows. Liu (2005) thinks that the influential factors on the old peoples shopping include friend, culture, economy, mind and heart and commercial environment. According to a research made by Yu (2003), regarding the old people in Jiangxi, they have large demand on health recovery tourism due to the problems in health condition. Their information channel is mainly the traditional advertisement. Their way to go travelling is mainly following the travel agency. They prefer cultural and historical cities and spend less than average level. Wang (1999) argues that the old people are in a pure shopping stage which is very rational and have high requirement on quality of the products than others. Casual consumption and service consumption takes big proportion. According to an analysis regarding the old peoples tourism industry in Taiyuan made by Zhang (2006), the travelling rate is higher for male than female, especially among the people aged from 60-65. The tourism purposes are mainly for sightseeing, self-enjoyment and recollecting memories; the shopping level are middle level, and the tourism time are seldom in peak season. A survey regarding the tourisms of the old people in Shanghai, the rate of tourism is high with moderate time. The purposes of tourism are mainly sightseeing and for health recovery which is very traditional. They spend money very carefully and will choose to follow the travel agency. They prefer transportation of bus and train. The distance of tourism mainly focuses on short or medium long. They prefer natural environment (Hou, Yin and Chen, 2005). Also a survey regarding the old people in Fuzhou, the rate of tourism is divided into two extreme levels, high and low; the spending time of tourism is estimated to reach one week. The purposes of tourism are for sightseeing, health recovery or visiting relatives. They paid much attention on comfort, security and seldom ask for luxury accommodations. The transportation is mainly bus or train. They prefer travelling with partners and fewer will follow the travel agency. Security concern is the main obstacle for tourism (Tang, 2001). According to an analysis regarding the old people of Chongqing in tourism industry, sports tourism has the same purposes with common tourism; the purposes are for health condition, entertainment and health recovery. The information channel is mainly from company and relatives. They prefer individual travelling. The old people held a prudential attitude towards shopping. Male is the majority to attend sports tourism. The rate of tourism is low for people aged above 65 (Yang, 2003). The main research methods are questionnaire and interview. The research of the old peoples tourism behavior focuses on the incentive and preference, travelling method, transportation, information channel and spending cost. The features of the old peoples behavior are based on demography and influential factors of tourism behavior. Research on tourism industry of the old people In the domestic research, the feature of the old peoples tourism market, feasibility and expansion strategy plays a big part. According to Li (2005), regarding the old people, there are 6 features in tourism industry, such like enjoyment and prefer travelling at off-season. Li (2001) has made an analysis on the old peoples feasibility in tourism industry, which including factors of purchasing power, incentive, purpose, time and health condition. Xu and Chen (2001) proposed that it needs to focus on these factors to explore the tourism market of the old people, including research, products strategy, channel strategy and other promotions. The research on the old people in tourism industry is mature, which has reached an agreement on features on the old people in tourism industry, feasibility, and development research and mature strategy. These results are significant to the following research. However, these researches are limited due to lack of on-spot examination (Liu, 2008). In summary, features of the old people in tourism industry are as follows: the purposes are for self-enjoyment, sightseeing and health recovery; natural scenery and historical sites are attractive; travel time is seldom in peak season; health condition is better than before, and is able to attend some not-so-tough tourism; relatives and friends are the main information channel; joining travelling agency is the main way to tourism; prefer the tourism with family, friends and fellows; holding a prudential attitude towards travelling; taking bus and train as the main transportation with high requirements on travelling safety. 2.4.3 Researched the Nanjing seniors travel market Consumers demand will trigger him to shopping and decide his shoppings way. After entering into the old age, a person has changed psychically with rich experiences in life and consumption. Their consumption behavior is different with other ages, which is very specific and characteristic. This special consumption characteristic could be found in tourism motivation, time, manner and destination preference and other relative aspects. Research on behavior of the aged in tourism will contribute to better understanding to their demand and will help the expansion of tourism industry for the aged (Wei, no date supplied). Wei (no date supplied) has researched the Nanjing seniors travel market and analysis several behaviors below: 2.4.3.1 Tourism motivation Nostalgia For the aged, they have a very memorable time in the past. Though after years, they are willing to go back to the place where they have lived, or talk with the old friends to remind the old time. Loneliness Generally the aged have more free time, and most of their sons and daughters live without them. Their sons and daughters are busy at work, has little time to take care parents. What they can do is to visit parents home on weekend and have some small talk. However, for those who work in other cities, they cannot be with their parents. In this case, many old people feel lost and lonely. Therefore, tourism is able to satisfy their life and attract their attention. Increasing knowledge For many old people, they only heard the names of some famous tourism destination, but due to various reasons, there is no chance to go there. Many old people want to go travelling while the health condition and economy allow, they want to feel and know the prospect of the outside world. Health and entertainment The life of old people is focusing on family and health from previous work. They choose to work out through tourism and entertainment, to go to the natures, for more fresh air, or to live in suburb place. Many obedient children will arrange family tourism; some will drive their car and bring parents together to go on a short tourism to peripheral area. In the tourism, the old people will have a lot of fun. Tourism time Due to health limitation, the old people are not willing to go travelling in winter or summer. They prefer spring or autumn, mainly in May, June, September, November (Wang, 2003). Because this period has proper temperature and humidity, it is good for travel, especially for the aged. Due to limited budget and other reasons, generally the old people are not willing to take a long trip, they prefer short or not-long trip. They want to spend a certain time, such like one week. Tourism manner In general, the old people need stability and security in the tourism, and ask for relax, freedom, comfort, and leisure. Most old people will choose to follow travelling agency. For the old people ¼Ã…’their energy is weaker than other young tourists. Also, they want to enjoy their no matter vacation or rest, they want to fully satisfy their demand for fun, and do not want to pay much attention for accommodations. They prefer joining travel agency for the convenience. Tourism destination According to survey, the purpose of tourism of the old people is mainly for the natural prospect. The tourism with purpose of health is more than pure tourism. It signified that due to the health condition, the old people have more demand in healthy tourism. The tourism destination is closely tied with the age of tourism. The elder tourists prefer cultural destination. For the old tourist, they prefer famous mountain scenery and places of interest, especially natural scenery and revolution scenic spot (Qiu, 2006). As people have different taste to their choice, the old people have their own choice in tourism. However, no matter where to go, they will take security and convenience into consideration. In general, they prefer some places with good environment, or famous cultural cities, religion places, and places with folk custom. Also they like the destinations with slow living rhythm, longstanding culture and high status in history. Tourism expense The old tourists are mainly frugal and holding an economical attitude, requiring comfort and security. They ask little about luxury life. Their consumption awareness mainly is practical and economical. Though the consumption price is rising, too higher price will stop their consumption. Meanwhile, the fee is mostly paid by the old peoples children; and they do not want their children to pay a big bill. They prefer economical tourism. According to survey, there are 17% old people are in well-off economy condition with rising demand for tourism, however, another 70% old people who has requirement for tourism but they need the economical one (Liu, 2007). As the old people get retired, they have plenty of time. Generally speaking, the old people are a group who spend longest time in tourism, with an average day of 10.3, which keeps rising (Hu, 2002). As the old people have more time to travel, they will spend more in entertainment and accommodation. Especially they have significant potential in shopping. 2.5 Hypotheses According to Valerie (1997), setting up and testing a hypothesis is an essential part of statistical inference. In order to create a test of a hypothesis, the starting point is to present a theory that is either believed to be true or is intended to be used as the basis for an argument. The aim of using a hypothesis here is to investigate the real perceived impact of the tourism industry in Huairou. Generally speaking, a hypothesis is a type of prediction which will not always turn out to be accurate, depending on the facts of the particular case. So, all of the predictions must be tested and proven (or disproved) using data analysis and/or further investigation. The hypotheses are based on a review of the prior literature, and the hypotheses have two parts.

What Is Social Anxiety Disorder?

i. Introduction Social Anxiety is a worldwide disorder that can affect anyone, no matter what ethnicity or gender they are. Social anxiety is an intense fear of social situations, especially when you are being judged or watched by others. Such as presentations, being the center of attention, public speaking, making phone calls or eating and drinking in front of others. I chose to study this topic because I find it interesting how certain social situations can cause fear in people.Also, I show some symptoms of having social anxiety and I wish to learn more about this topic. Social anxiety disorder is also known as social phobia. It is defined as the fear of social situations that involve interaction with other people. It is the fear and anxiety of being judged and evaluated negatively by other people or behaving in a way that might cause embarrassment or ridicule. This leads to feelings of inadequacy, self-consciousness, and depression. The person with social anxiety disorder may beli eve that all eyes are on him/her at all times.Social situations that provoke social anxiety are eating or drinking in front of others, being the center of attention, public speaking, presentations, talking on the telephone and asking questions. People with this disorder will do whatever it takes to avoid social situations. The symptoms of Social Anxiety Disorder are extreme self-consciousness, immense fear of being judged or watched, nausea, rapid heartbeat, sweating and trembling. ii. Overview There are many different perceptions about people with social anxiety. Statistics show that this disorder is the third largest mental disability in the world and can affect 19. million Americans at any time. Even though it can occur at any time in people’s lives, it happens most often in childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Statistics also show that women are more likely to get diagnosed with Social Anxiety, than men. People who do have it are often seen by others as just being shy, u neasy or quiet. The people who are diagnosed with social anxiety may be conflicted by these perceptions, so they may fail to seek treatment. The problem is generally unheard and they may think that they are the only ones who suffer from it.People who do seek treatment are often misdiagnosed and labeled as â€Å"personality disorder† or â€Å"manic depressive. † This is because social anxiety is not well understood by the general public, or medical or health care professionals. Those with the disorder usually know that their anxiety, thoughts, and fears are irrational. They realize that it is angst and terror that they are experiencing. They know that people around them are not really judging them or evaluating them. They understand that everyone is not out to degrade or embarrass them.But despite this logical knowledge and sense, they still continue to feel and believe differently, which causes thoughts and symptoms of anxiety usually persist with no indication of goin g away. People with social anxiety may usually experience extreme distress in some of these situations: when they are being introduced to other people, being teased or criticized, being the center of attention or meeting important people or authoritative people. Or by being watched while doing something, announcing something in a public situation and getting embarrassed easily.Social anxiety may be selective. A person may have an extreme fear of one occasion, such as public speaking, but be perfectly comfortable in any other situation. People with a social phobia are nervous, anxious, and afraid about many social situations. Simply attending a business meeting or going to a party can be highly nerve wracking and intimidating. Although people with social anxiety want to be social with everyone else, their anxiety about not doing well in public is strong and hinders their efforts. They freeze up when they meet new people. ii. What Causes Social Anxiety Disorder? What Are The Symptoms? Knowing the exact causes of social anxiety is still an ongoing research and there is no single known cause. However, there are environmental and psychological factors that will play a role in its development. This development of this disorder can be from a humiliating experience the patient has experienced in the past. People diagnosed with social anxiety may have developed this disorder by seeing what has happened to someone else when that person has been embarrassed.As mentioned before, there are also emotional, physical and behavioral symptoms of social anxiety. Emotional symptoms can range from fearing that other people will notice that you’re nervous, to worrying for days or weeks prior to a social situation. Physical symptoms are nausea, sweating, rapid heartbeat, feeling faint, trembling and shaking. The behavioral symptoms are avoiding any type of social situation to an extent where it disrupts your life and hiding â€Å"behind the scenes† to escape from being noticed. iv. Treatment for Social Anxiety DisorderTwo types of treatment may be used to help patients suffering from social anxiety. A certain type of therapy can be used, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and it has proved to be effective in most cases. Medication is also useful in treatment. Antidepressant, such as MAOI’s, in contrast with CBT, is the most beneficial. Benzodiazepines like Xanax, Valium and Ativan are prescribed to people who have social anxiety to treat it. But research has shown that if the two treatments are not used together, success is only temporary.Also, treatment must include a therapist and an active behavioral therapy group. Group therapy for social anxiety use CBT techniques includes role-playing and training of social skills. This group therapy uses acting or mock interviews to work on the social situations that will make you anxious. The most important steps in defeating social anxiety disorder is understanding, becoming aware of the problem, and c ommitting to go through all treatments, including therapy. v. Conclusion I learned that Social Anxiety Disorder can affect millions of people at any given time.I think I show signs of Social Anxiety Disorder because during social situations, such as presenting, I show the symptoms. I get anxious, shaky, nervous and rapid heartbeats. In my opinion, this is probably one of the worst mental disorders that someone can have, because it is so misunderstood and misdiagnosed. What makes the situation even more difficult is the fact that the disorder does not just come and go like other disorders. A person is faced with it every day of their life, every time they have to go out anywhere or are put in a situation where others are involved.They have to deal with this all the time, until they are treated. Unfortunately, most people do not know that they have it. Without some kind of formal education, knowledge, or treatment, social anxiety continues to ruin their lives. And if they finally do t ry to seek help, chances are that they will not find. This is the reality for 19. 2 million Americans, but yet there is very little being done in the way of trying to help them realize that they are not just shy or introverted, they really have a problem. REFERENCES Websites: Stein MB, Stein DJ. Social anxiety disorder.Lancet. 2008;371:1115-1125 – (http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001953/) Jaffe-Gil, Ellen, M. A. ; Smith, Melinda, M. A. -www. helpguide. org ;(http://www. helpguide. org/mental/social_anxiety_support_symptom_causes_treatment. htm) www. nimnh. nih. gove/index. shtml (http://www. nimh. nih. gov/health/publications/social-phobia-social-anxiety-disorder-always-embarrassed/what-is-social-phobia. shtml) www. wikipedia. org (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Social_anxiety  ) www. webmd. com (http://www. webmd. com/anxiety-panic/guide/mental-health-social-anxiety-disorder)